Development, Validity and Reliability of TPACK Scale with Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers

Author :  

Year-Number: 2016-Volume 8, Issue 2
Language : null
Konu : null

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop a TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) scale based on the main components of TPACK framework. The validity and reliability studies of the scale were carried out with 316 Turkish pre-service mathematics teachers at seven different universities in Turkey. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the scale were carried out. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for the whole scale was found as .97. This scale consists of 59 items and nine factors. With the exploratory factor analysis nine constructs were found: technological knowledge (TK), content knowledge (CK), pedagogy knowledge (PK), pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), technological content knowledge (TCK), online technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK online), offline technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK offline), technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) and contexts knowledge. According to the CFA results of scale, the ratio of the chi-square value (2866.53) to the degree of freedom (1616) was 1.77. In addition, the goodness-of-fit values for the model revealed by the CFA were SRMR=0.047 and RMSEA=0.050. The development of both reliable and valid scale related to the technological pedagogical content knowledge of pre-service mathematics teachers’ would be promote further studies.

Keywords

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop a TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) scale based on the main components of TPACK framework. The validity and reliability studies of the scale were carried out with 316 Turkish pre-service mathematics teachers at seven different universities in Turkey. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the scale were carried out. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for the whole scale was found as .97. This scale consists of 59 items and nine factors. With the exploratory factor analysis nine constructs were found: technological knowledge (TK), content knowledge (CK), pedagogy knowledge (PK), pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), technological content knowledge (TCK), online technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK online), offline technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK offline), technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) and contexts knowledge. According to the CFA results of scale, the ratio of the chi-square value (2866.53) to the degree of freedom (1616) was 1.77. In addition, the goodness-of-fit values for the model revealed by the CFA were SRMR=0.047 and RMSEA=0.050. The development of both reliable and valid scale related to the technological pedagogical content knowledge of pre-service mathematics teachers’ would be promote further studies.

Keywords


  • Archambault, L., & Crippen, K. (2009). Examining TPACK among K-12 online distance educators in the United States. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 71-88.

  • Baki, A. (2001). Bilişim teknolojisi ışığı altında matematik eğitiminin değerlendirilmesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 149, 26-31.

  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246.doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

  • Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structional equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.

  • Bozkurt, A., & Cilavdaroğlu A. K. (2011). Matematik ve sınıf öğretmenlerinin teknolojiyi kullanma ve derslerine teknolojiyi entegre etme algıları. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 19(3), 859-870.

  • Bryant, F. B., & Yarnold, P. R. (1995). Principal components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In L. G. Grimm & R R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding multivariale statistics (pp. 99136). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2008). Sosyal bilimler için very analizi el kitabı (Dokuzuncu Baskı). Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.

  • Chai, C. S., Koh, J. H. L., & Tsai, C. C. (2011). Exploring the factor structure of the constructs of technological, pedagogical, content knowledge (TPACK). Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 20(3), 595-603.

  • Erkuş, A. (2009). Davranış bilimleri için bilimsel araştırma süreci (İkinci Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.

  • Escudero, I., & Sanchez, V. (2002). Integration of domains of knowledge in mathematics teachers practice. In Cockburn & Nardi (Eds.) Proceedings of the 26 Conference of International Group of PME, 2, 177-184.

  • Fennema, E., & Sherman, J. A. (1976). Fennema-Sherman mathematics attitudes scales: Instruments designed to measure attitudes toward the learning of mathematics by males and females. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 6(1), 31.

  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage.

  • Garson, D. G. (2008). Factor analysis: Statnotes. Retrieved May 26, 2014, from North Carolina State University Public Administration Program, http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/factor.htm.

  • Graham, C. R., Burgoyne, N., Cantrell, P., Smith, L., St. Clair, L., & Harris, R. (2009). TPACK development in science teaching: measuring the TPACK confidence of in-service science teachers. TechTrends, Special Issue on TPACK, 53(5), 70-79.

  • Hair, J.F. Jr., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

  • Kabakçı Yurdakul, I. (2011). Öğretmen adaylarının teknopedagojik eğitim yeterliklerinin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri kullanımları açısından incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 40, 397408.

  • Kabakci Yurdakul, I., Odabasi, H. F., Kilicer, K., Coklar, A. N., Birinci, G., & Kurt, A. A. (2012). The development, validity and reliability of TPACK-deep: A technological pedagogical content knowledge scale. Computers & Education, 58(3), 964-977. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.10.012

  • Koehler, M., & Mishra, P. (2008). Introducing TPCK. In. AACTE committee on innovation and technology (Eds.), Handbook of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) for teaching and teacher educators, (pp. 3-29). New York and London: Routledge.

  • Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2005). What happens when teachers design educational technology? The development of technological pedagogical content knowledge. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(2), 131-152.

  • Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 60-70.

  • Landry, G. A. (2010). Creating and validating an instrument to measure middle school mathematics teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Tennessee.

  • Lee, H., & Hollebrands, K. (2008). Preparing to teach mathematics with technology: An integrated approach to developing technological pedagogical content knowledge. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 8(4), 326-341.

  • MacCallum, R.C., & Austin J.T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 201-226. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201

  • MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84-99. doi: 10.1.1.536.6317

  • Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness of fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 391-410.

  • McDonald, R.P., & Moon-Ho, R.H. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64-82. doi: 10.1037//1082-989X.7.1.64

  • Miller, L.D., & Mitchell, C.E. (1994). Mathematics anxiety and alternative methods of evaluation. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 21(4), 353-358.

  • Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues

  • Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017-1054.

  • Mumcu, F. K., Haşlaman, T. & Usluel, Y. K. (2008, Mayıs). Teknolojik pedagojik içerik bilgisi modeli çerçevesinde etkili teknoloji entegrasyonunun göstergeleri. International Educational Technology Conference (IECT)’nda sunulmuş bildiri. Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, Türkiye.

  • Mumcu, F.K. & Usluel, Y.K. (2010, Nisan). TPİB modeline göre BİT’in öğrenme-öğretme sürecine entegrasyonuyla ilgili ölçek geliştirme çalışması. International Educational Technology Conference (IETC)’nda sunulmuş bildiri. Istanbul, Turkey.

  • NCTM, (2014). National council of teachers of mathematics, principles for school mathematics-the technology principle Retrieved from: http://www.nctm.org/standards/content.aspx?id=26809.

  • Netemeyer, R., Bearden, W., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

  • Niess, M. L. (2005). Preparing teachers to teach science and mathematics with technology: Developing a technology pedagogical content knowledge. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(5), 509-523. DOİ: 10.10.1016/j.tate.2005.03.006

  • Niess, M. L. (2011). Investigating TPACK: Knowledge growth in teaching with technology. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 44(3), 299-317. doi: 10.2190/EC.44.3.c

  • Niess, M. L., Ronau, R. N., Shafer, K. G., Driskell, S. O., Harper S. R., Johnston, C., Browning, C., Ozgun-Koca, S. A., & Kersaint, G. (2009). Mathematics teacher TPACK standards and development model. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 4-24.

  • Özmantar. M. F., & Bingölbali, E. (2009). Sınıf öğretmenleri ve matematiksel zorlukları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 401-427.

  • Powers, R., & Blubaugh, W. (2005). Technology in mathematics education: Preparing teachers for the future. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 5(3/4), 254-270.

  • Quinn, R. J. (1997). Effects of mathematics methods courses on the mathematical attitudes and content knowledge of preservice teachers. Journal of Educational Research, 91(2), 108-113.

  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Muller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.

  • Schmidt, D. A., Baran, E., Thompson A. D., Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., & Shin, T. (2009). Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK): The development and validation of an assessment instrument for preservice teachers. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 42(2), 123-149.

  • Sahin, I. (2011). Development of survey of technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK). The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 10(1), 97-105.

  • Şimsek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayıncılık.

  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikolojileri Yazıları,

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

  • Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (Dördüncü Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.

  • Terpstra, M. A. (2009). Developing technological pedagogical content knowledge: preservice teachers' perceptions of how they learn to use educational technology in their teaching. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Michigan State University.

  • Teo, T., Chai, C. S., Hung, D., & Lee, C. B. (2008). Beliefs about teaching and uses of technology among pre- service teachers. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 36(2), 163-174. doi: 10.1080/13598660801971641

  • Teo, T., Ursavaş, F. O., & Bahçekapili, E. (2012). An assessment of pre-service teachers’ technology acceptance in Turkey: A structural equation modeling approach. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 21(1), 191–202.

  • Thompson, B. (2000). Ten Commandments of structural equation modeling. In L.G. Grim and P. R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding more multivariate statistics (pp. 261-283). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Tirosh, D., Even, R., & Robinson, N. (1998). Simplifying algebraic expressions: Teacher awareness and teaching approaches. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 35(1), 51-64.

  • Tokmak, H. S., Incikabi, L., & Ozgelen, S. (2012). An investigation of change in mathematics, science, and literacy education pre-service teachers’ TPACK. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 22(4), 407-415.

  • Yeşildere, S., & Akkoç, H. (2010). Matematik öğretmen adaylarının sayı örüntülerine ilişkin pedagojik alan bilgilerinin konuya özel stratejiler bağlamında incelenmesi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 125-149.

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • Article Statistics